Ethical Issues in Globalization and International Marketing.

Ethical Issues in Globalization and International Marketing. ABSTRACT: The globalization of markets and increase in the productivity made several marketers and business persons to concentrate more on the ethical issues in cross-cultural settings. This article is mainly intended for ethical analysis and making decisions over the international marketing scenario. This paper provides few guidelines which may serve marketers in the area of marketing ethics. It is also used to assist out the marketers to behave in an ethical fashionable way. The local marketing conditions may differ out along from place to place, but some global marketing ethical principles should be applicable to all markets along the world. This Paper suggests creating a standard uniform code of ethics that will provide a solution to the problem of diversification in different cultures by implementing strategies in international marketing. Keywords: Globalization, International Marketing, Ethical principles. INTRODUCTION: Globalization and international marketing ethical issues are allied with one another. Steady increase in globalization lead to few problems which include ethics. From 1950 to 2000, world trade expanded almost 20-fold, far outstripping world output, which grew by six and a half times (WTO, 2001). Globalization refers to the process in which different cultures, societies and economies throughout the world will be connected and integrated through by a global network of transportation, communication, trade and business. This term is sometimes referred to as a economic globalization where several economies of the nations are combined through by a foreign investments, trade, capitalization, migration and many other factors. And it may be referred through by various other related terms. Increase in the globalization may result in many problems including ethical ones as both are related through in one way or the other. From past four decades the global trade increased by seven times where im ports, exports, trade and foreign investments played a major role in its increasing extent and surveillance. Even the cross border investments of small and medium ranging businesses are also increased almost five to six times in its productivity, yearly outflow and development along from the past 25 years and this meant that different persons are working along different geographical, social and marketing boundaries along worldwide. This shows out alternatively the related problems along with the change of different environments including ethical problems, financial and marketing personnel problems along locally and globally. If this trend continues the prophesies about globalization by Levitt will become reality in 2020. (Recep YÃ ¼cel, 2009) To manage out this trend fairly and situational there is a need to create universal ethical principles and norms. Theoretical Framework: Globalization: 2.1.1 History: According to Friedman (1999), globalization is:The inexorable integration of markets, nation States and technologies to a degree never witnessed before. Globalization is a term which was proposed and under veining its extent and development from thousands of years. But it significantly accelerated from 1980Â ´s after the demolishment of USSR. The word globalization is first employed in oxford dictionary in 1930. In considering the history of globalization, some authors focus on events since the discovery of the America in 1492, but most scholars and theorists concentrate on the much more recent past (www.globalpolicy.org).It was not until 1960Â ´s the term is widely used by economists and other social scientists. Since from its evolution the term is inspired to numerous and conceptive wordings and definitions dating back across the movements of different trading and cultural perceptive. United Nations termed the word globalization has many meanings and ways to define. According to it when using the term globalization in economical context it may refers to the one which cuts out the boundaries or barriers in between different nation s and establish out the smooth and efficient way for their trading and exchange which may include capitals, services, labor etc. Tom.J.Palmer described globalization as The diminution or elimination of state- enforced restrictions on exchanges across the borders and the increasingly integrated and complex global system of production and exchange that has emerged as a result. Roughly economic globalization is world trade and financial marketing integrated together. Globalization in other terms may refer as the process of forming global institutions. The global institutions are those which may be operated as that considering the entire world as single place. They may be distinguished from others in various terms such as in functioning at regional, national and international where each level may represent a different scope and set of social relationships. 2.1.2 Dimensions of Globalization: Globalization is the term which may be represented in various dimensions and it related to almost every fields of daily life. It differs from profession to profession i.e. for example it differs from some marketing staff to an engineer. Dimensions for globalization are as follows: (www.globalpolicy.org) Economics-Related to globalization in trading, finance, money, corporations and banking. Political-Related to science, governance, wars, peace, IGOS, NGOS, regimes. Sociology-Related to communities, conflicts, classes, nations, agreements. Psychology-Related to individuals as subjects and objects to global action. Anthropology-Related to overlapping of cultures, adapting, clashing, merging. Communications- Related by considering information as knowledge and tools-internet. Geography- Everything provided it can be anchored to as space. We do not consider globalization as some purely economical, industrial or some financial term which may relate or revolve through problems like free trade or some expanding role of financial and industrial markets. We consider globalization as a multi dimensional term and in fact it is a spectrum of four processes. Building the global economy Formation of world opinion Democratization, or the creation of a global economy The emergence of global political institutions. Building the global economy is the process where when once got up in the longer run its evolution related to international and interregional trade is primarily a function not of actual and growing gnp but will potential for structural change. The rapid emergence of global financial markets over the past two decades and they particularly effect the foreign exchange field and other forms of international investment will lead to reduce the influence of even major governments on their economy and in global economies and might loosen out the links between economic and political power has been broken out. According to Kongar, globalization has three dimensions. These are political, economic, and cultural aspects of globalism (www.kongar.org). Formation of the world opinion is the process where the working of the world system and all its conditions and actions of the participants are oriented to a common set of problems coming out from responsive to common aspirations and emerging out from world-wide problems. It is a process of social construction which contains both the reality and the values. Reality helps us to make sense of the world and values help us to keep priorities which we can accept some and to reject parallel. Democratization is the process in which one can define in narrow and the broadest terms. In broader term one may be defined it as a learning process in which humans can try to learn itself in the condition of `equality under law`. Similarly in narrower context we can define it more precisely as accumulation of conditions necessary for possible emergence of a global community, community of democracies and a global level association of a democratic character. Global Institutions: The emergence of global institutions is the process which shows up to what extent the global institutions will sort out the effect of globalization. When comes to globalization in international business it splits out to two faces one in markets and the other in production. The globalization of marketing side is the one in which merging of historically distinct markets in order to convert it into a huge global market and globalization of production refers to the merging of goods and services from although the world to take advantages in several national conditions like the difference in cost and quality factors etc. As markets globalize and increasing in cost factor and productivity, several globalized institutions are formed to manage out the matters related to this such as to manage, regulate the policies and to form several multinational treaties to govern the globalized business system. From past 55 years more number of global institutions has evolved to perform these tasks they are, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT) and its successor, the World Trade Organization (WTO); the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and its twin sister, the World Bank and the United Nations (UN). All these institutions were created by voluntary agreement between individual nation-states, and their functions are enshrined in international treaties. (Hill, ibid: 9) All the above institutions play a major role in developing international business ethical rules and regulations. World Trade Organization is mainly responsible to guide and focus on all the countries who signed the treaty. Till date W.T.O has mo re than 145 nations and its purpose is to develop multinational agreements between the country member states. (www.imf.org). Global Business Strategies: Theodore Levitt (1983: 92-102) has argued that, due to the advent of modern communications and transport technologies, consumer tastes and preferences are becoming global, which is creating global markets for standardized consumer products. Local companies deal with overseas business investment and trade, managers must identify that managing international business vary from managing local business. We can observe that each country is unique, in culture, laws, legal systems, political factors and economy of country. Despite widespread globalization, still there are many big and enduring differences between the countries (Hill, ibid:. 19-37). Marketing strategies change from country to country as there is difference in culture and other factors. If we assume marketing strategy used in India may not be applied in Sweden and the strategy implemented in Sweden is not implemented in USA because of difference in various factors among countries for instance if we consider advertising in Germany it is illegal to use comparative advertising (Cateora Graham,2005: 483). Kuwait government controlled TV network to allows only 32 minutes of advertising per day in the evening (Sunil Erevelles and his colleagues,2002). According to Barlett and Ghoshal (1989), firms can use four strategies an international strategy, a multi-domestic strategy, a global strategy and a transnational strategy. Company use international strategy focus on transferring skills and its products transformed from different overseas market and give less importance to local markets. Organizations implements multi domestic strategy alters their marketing and business strategy to local or domestic conditions. Companies implement global strategy focus on acquire cost reductions produced from experience curve effects and local economy. Company implement transnational strategy involves a parallel focus on declining of costs, transferring skills and products. Ethical Problems in International Marketing: Research in Marketing Ethics is defined as the systematic study of how moralstandards are applied to marketing decisions, behaviors and institutions (Laczniak andMurphy 1993). 2.2.1 History of Ethics: Ethics is related to the field of philosophy concerned with morals and values. Ethics is divided into five branches: Meta ethics, Political ethics, normative ethics, virtue ethics and practical philosophy. Meta-Ethics: It focuses more on the grounds used to justify moral judgment than moral creating moral judgment. This ethics is just descriptive. Political-Ethics: It is concerned more on testing good society and the origins of political power such as government. Normative-Ethics: It is related to the developing theories which decide the actions done by human are right or wrong. Deontological ethics, utilitarian ethics and virtue ethics are all normative. Practical-Ethics: This ethics uses ethical principles and theories in practical environment such as, medical ethics, business ethics etc.

Self-discovery in Desolation Angels Essay -- Desolation Angels Essays

Self-discovery in Desolation Angels Stripped to its barest essentials, Jack Kerouac's novel Desolation Angels reads as a drug-induced stupor of casual sex (or fantasies thereof), mixed into a melting of jazz and poetry. The often-adolescent urges of Kerouac's character Jack Duluoz, however, are mere episodes in the fast-paced, write-it-as-you-think-it, pre-literary notoriety phase in the life of a man who essentially founded the Beat generation. Though the overflowing stream of consciousness that comprises this book seems undoubtedly spontaneous, Desolation Angels actually examines, in a most straightforward and clearly organized manner, the state of human solitude. Zipping from a Forest Service mountaintop outpost to San Francisco, from Tangiers to London, and slipping from loneliness to jazz clubs full of "cats," from a morphine addict's room to the home of his knitting French Canadian mother, the angels of desolation take on varying shapes, ceaselessly trailing Duluoz/Kerouac. The novel begins as Duluoz/Kerouac ascends Desolation Peak on Starvation Ridge in the High Cascades for a seventy-day job as a lookout for forest fires. He initially anticipates with relish the idea of a seclusion that will allow him to ponder "the meaning of all this existence and suffering and going to and fro in vain" without the distractions of friends, drugs or alcohol Yet as the days dissolve into each other endlessly, he begins to tire of the monotony of Desolation. The stark emptiness greeting him from his outlook reflects the vacuity of life as he sees it. Entitled "Desolation in Solitude," this chapter records his mind patterns as he despairs over the "Void," an uncertain entity that symbolizes an eternal, vast, indifferent force of ... ...r undying devotion to him, and this seems to partially explain the source of his anger. He mourns the fact that a creature as wholesome and pure as she will inevitably grow old and die without leaving a mark on anyone but himself and his sister. Yet in accepting her mortality, he, for the first time in the book, finds an extended sense of peace. Throughout all of his earlier road trips and travels, he searched for serenity, only to be followed by Desolation. Here, finally, taking a bus across the country with strong yet innocent "Memere," does he leave them behind. In witnessing this change, the reader understands that constant movement cannot effect a sense of place, as Duluoz/Kerouac had thought throughout his transient excursions. Only facing our relationships with those we truly love can answer our questions regarding who we are in this mixed-up world. Â  

Saya Robot

SAYA ROBOT ABSTRACT This Article describes an electronic mechanical machine with a Tele-operated android robot named SAYA. A robot is an electro- mechanical device which maybe appears as humanoid and it can performs tasks automatically. It may be done by using a remote control or a computer interface. The Branch of Technology that deals with Robots is called ROBTICS. It was found in the daily lives for example; the pet-type robot named AIBO, and a mental therapy robot and its effectiveness for elderly people. But the first uses of modern robots have been built by William Grey Walter in 1961s as industrial robots.THE ANDROID ROBOT SAYA After 15 years of research by Saya's developer Hiroshi Kobayashi, the Professor at Tokyo University of Science; Saya is being tested as a teacher and it is being trialed at a primary school in Tokyo. After working as a receptionist and secretary. Also the robot Saya already used as traffic wardens and one is even being developed to provide company to Al zheimer's sufferers. She can speak multiple- languages; also can express some basic emotions like surprise, disgust, smile, sadness. Because her face has simple structure and basically consists of mechanical frame and facial skin.SAYA THE ROBOT TEACHER In the classroom, there are Saya and some control equipment and the control system of Saya requires a compressor and electronic equipments. In the other side, there's an operation room with two monitors one of them is used for the control, and the other one used for the observation. Saya is able to assign tasks to students, as well as perform facial expressions to denote her current mood. She also able to catch students passing notes in class, as well as plagiarizing one another’s homework. The operator is able to hear students from the speakers and respond to students as well.THE MAIN PURPOSES OF SAYA ROBOT The robot's main purpose was to encourage children to be interested in science and technology; it's also expected to cont ribute to children's motivation to learn, in addition; it would benefit schools suffering from a shortage of human teachers. The robot was originally developed for companies who want to cut costs by replacing office workers such as secretaries and receptionists with an android. BIBLIOGRAPHY LIST – cdn. intechweb. org/pdfs/19461. pd – http://www. news. com. au/news/saya-robots-new-job-as-a-schoolteacher/story-fna7dq6e-1111119087968

To Essay or Not to Essay

To Essay or Not to Essay About the sites If you’re one of many who haven’t heard of essay writing sites, at their core they’re content mills for students but with the ethics of desperate writers and lazy students thrown out the window. iWriteEssays.com offers to write high school and college papers, admissions, dissertations and theses. They charge students between $12.50 to $48/page, depending on the student’s deadline and type of piece. On the high end, they claim being able to provide a paper in eight hours at the right price. â€Å"We can write anything from high school to PhD  level.† says Brandon S., a member of the iWriteEssayssupport team. What does this mean for writers? â€Å"Writers receive compensation based on the number of pages they write,† he says, noting that some websites have a set rate and others will pay based on the demand for that particular paper.   A quick search unearths hundreds of these sites. Essaywriters.netpromises writers their best efforts towards â€Å"making your freelance writing jobs easy, efficient (and) highly paid.† Another, EssayShark.com, allows writers to set their own pay for the order. StudyBay.com claims an average rate of $120 offered Posing as a student, I asked Brandon S. if an essay I ordered through an essay site could get thrown out. â€Å"Yes,† he admitted. â€Å"Presenting someone else’s work as your own is a form of plagiarism.† Then I asked: â€Å"Have you ever had trouble?† He replied, â€Å"No. Our services are confidential. There is no way for professors and teachers to tell that the essays are written Good to know they’re aware of this themselves, then . . . An author’s perspective â€Å"One word: Unethical,† says Ruth E. Thaler-Carter, a member of Editors Association of Earth . Sarah Varnam, the owner of a Toronto-based content creation and editing company, agrees. â€Å"Sites that provide restructuring of arguments, or even worse, complete re-writes or essays for money are, indeed, highly unethical. Not only are you putting your professional image at risk, as plagiarism is a serious offense, but the student is defying the purpose of higher education. She’s been contacted For legitimate copyediting jobs for students, author Ryan Dunlop suggests talking to professors and thesis advisers to find out what’s allowed – or not. Has a student really earned their degree if the work isn’t theirs? Before saying yes to writing for an essay-writing site, consider how you would feel if the doctor about to operate on you passed on a thesis written

buy custom Pollution, Global Warming and Marine Environment

buy custom Pollution, Global Warming and Marine Environment The Negative Effects of Pollution and Global Warming on Marine Environment Introduction Currently, the problem of pollution of water bodies (rivers, lakes, seas, ground waters, etc.) is the most relevant since everyone knows the phrase water is life. People cannot live more than three days without water, but they still continue to rigidly exploit water objects, irrevocably altering their natural mode with discharges and wastes, even understanding the importance of water to human life. The water cycle has become disrupted with the development of civilization. Evaporation from land has increased as a result of crop irrigation. Rivers of southern areas became shallow. Pollution of the oceans and appearance of an oil film on their surface reduced the amount of water evaporated from their surface. All of this degrades the water supply of the biosphere. Today, water suitable for drinking, irrigation and industrial production is lacking in many parts of the world. Therefore, the problem of marine environment pollution is of critical importance in the modern world.

MOD2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MOD2 - Essay Example ion acquired from job analysis helps for HR planning which involves recruiting right number of employees at the right job and developing HR functions. The most significant use of job analyses is to create a job description. Job description helps to clarify reporting relationships, work functions and helps employees to understand the job. Job description has been used by the companies to provide information to applicants about the job involvement. Prominent information gathered from the job analysis helps to create job description. The part of job description is to compile the findings of job analysis and providing information about the responsibilities needed to be performed for a particular job (Cushway, 2008). Without the salient information from job analysis, job description cannot be created. Job analysis and job description on the particular job helps to identify key responsibilities areas (KRAs). KRA includes communication skills, technical and personal skills, physical, mental and emotional ability of particular applicant to handle particular task. With the help of job analysis, organization can hire most suitable candidate on the job (Sostrin, 2013). This helps to identify candidate that are eligible for the job during the hiring process. Job description provides information to the applicants about the key areas that needed to be focused on the particular job. Job analysis can be conducted in medical area by including any medical license or certificates required for the job. It can also be conducted as the time spent by the employees to perform the job. Job description would help to ensure knowledge about the particular job in medical arena (Price & Novak, 2009). Currently I am working in a logistics management organization as a human resource executive. My job role is to find and source effective and skilled employees for the inventory management department. My job description is to sort out appropriate applicants from the received mail. In addition

The Evolution of Juvenile Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Evolution of Juvenile Justice - Essay Example Progressive era reforms had major contributions in the framing of the modern juvenile justice system. In the period from 1900- 1920s the nation witnessed various campaigns including suffrage movement, and campaign against child labor. Laborers fought for their rights and demanded eight-hour workday. Before the progressive era, children who commit crime were also imprisoned like adults. Child offenders were punished like adults. However, the voice of social and political reformers demanded a change in the society’s views about minor offenders. The psychologists of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries who came up with new psychological theories cried against the hard punishment given for minor offenders. Reformers wanted a change in society’s views on juvenile delinquents. They put the idea of rehabilitating children offenders rather than punishing them like adults. In 1824 reformers set up the New York House of Refuge. Juveniles who commit crime were placed in the juv enile homes instead of adult jails. By 1899, individual states began considering the problem of youth incarceration and setting up youth reform homes. These reforms initiated the notion of juvenile justice system. These early changes were because of the conviction that society should not abandon young offenders, but should recover their lives by redirecting them in a different way. Keeping offenders in reform houses helped them severe their relationship with the world of crime. The juvenile justice system is rooted in this very concept of rehabilitation of young criminals. The juvenile justice system began acquiring the authority of a parent. The state takes the responsibility as a parent and keeps the children with them until they show some positive changes or grow up as adults. Youth were not treated as adults. The cases involving youths were considered in a special informal court meant for juveniles. The procedure did not include the assistance of attorneys. Extenuating evidence, beyond the legal elements related to the crime was considered by the judge. These initiatives paved the way for the current juvenile justice system. In the year 1967 a decision by the Supreme Court confirmed the need of juvenile courts to consider the law rights of minors in the court proceedings. The decision was caused by a case that involves a juvenile. The court’s decision was to confine Gerald Gault, the juvenile who was accused of making an obscene call, when being under probation. According to the Arizona juvenile court, the minor should be placed in the State Industrial School till he turns 21. He should otherwise be discharged by law. However, the Supreme Court decision came up with the rights of minors. According to the Supreme Court, the minor has the right to get notice of charges and receive proper legal counsel. The minor holds the right for confrontation and cross-examination. Furthermore, he has the privilege against self-incrimination. The minor can rightful ly get a transcript of the court proceedings and take an appellate review. The dissenting party however came up with the idea that the courts decision would only take the case to a criminal prosecution. According to them, the minor’s case should be done as per the original goal of the juvenile justice system. The juvenile justice system is not intended to prosecute and punish minors who commit crimes. The system rather recommends correcting them. This is the society’